The crucial battle of El Alamein begins

Anne Frank goes into hiding in Amsterdam

Medical experiments begin in Auschwitz

Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg arrives in Budapest, Hungary

The Battle of Britain begins

Hiltgunt Zassenhaus born in Hamburg, Germany

Jan Karski, Polish soldier, resistance-fighter, and diplomat, dies, age 86

French police conduct La Grande Rafle (the Great Roundup); over 12,000 Jews arrested, including over 4,000 children

U.S. lands a man on the moon.

Hitler narrowly escapes assassination

Deportations from Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka begin; 250,000 Jews murdered within seven weeks.

Mussolini deposed

World War I begins

The U.S.S. Indianapolis is sunk by Japanese submarine I-58; only 316 crewmen, out of a total complement of 1,195, survive

Anne Frank writes her final diary entry

The Warsaw Uprising begins

Tom Buergenthal and his parents arrive in Auschwitz

Treblinka Uprising

Norway's future King Haakon VII is born

Swedish diplomat and humanitarian Raoul Wallenberg is born

Anne Frank and seven others arrested in their secret annex